1960  1961  1962  1963  1964  1965  1966  1967  1968  1969 


1960  1961  1962  1963  1964  1965  1966  1967  1968  1969 

1960

Billy Linich, after arriving in New York in June , becomes connected to the downtown arts scene via the San Remo; he works as a waiter at Serendipity 3.

In San Francisco, Ron Rice meets Taylor Mead and shoots The Flower Thief.

Mickey Ruskin opens his first restaurant, the Tenth Street Coffee Shop, which becomes a center for poetry readings.

Emile de Antonio begins his first film, Point of Order, about the McCarthy hearings; he completes it in 1963.

Spring—Warhol meets Emile de Antonio, who becomes an informal agent for his postcommercial-art works.

Summer—Gerard Malanga graduates from high school and silk-screens fabric for Rooster Ties.

July 15—Henry Geldzahler begins working at the Metropolitan Museum, as a curatorial assistant in the Department of American Painting and Sculpture, under Robert Beverly Hale.

July 18—Ivan Karp brings Henry Geldzahler to Warhol's studio, beginning an important relationship.

September—Lou Reed, Betsey Johnson, and Sterling Morrison matriculate at Syracuse University.

September 6—Brigid Berlin turns twenty-one and inherits $150,000, from a family friend.

September 28—The New American Cinema Group, which becomes the Film-Makers' Cooperative, convenes its first meeting in New York, initiated by Jonas Mekas; twenty-three independent filmmakers participate.

Warhol buys a four-story townhouse at 1342 Lexington Avenue.

Nico is filmed in La Dolce Vita.

1960

Claes Oldenburg organizes Ray Gun Spex at the Judson Church, a series of multimedia events involving Dick Higgins, Robert Whitman, Al Hansen, Allan Kaprow, and Jim Dine.

La Monte Young, after working with Terry Riley on music composition, moves to New York.

February 1—African American students begin "sitdowns" in segregated areas, focusing on Woolworth and Kresge policies.

March 25—Lady Chatterley's Lover is ruled not obscene after a thirty-year ban in the United States.

May 9—The Federal Drug Administration approves Enovid, a form of oral birth control.

Pepsi-Cola coins the slogan "For Those Who Think Young."

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the Students Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) are founded.

The first Playboy Club opens in Chicago.

Fall—The Castelli, Green, Judson, Tanager, Martha Jackson, Stable, andHansa galleries arrange shows by Johns, Rauschenberg,Oldenburg,Wesselmann, Lichtenstein, Rosenquist, Segal, Indiana, Stella, Red Grooms, Jim Dine, Lucas Samaras, Robert Whitman, and others in the new American wave.

Late Fall—LeRoi Jones and Diane di Prima publish The Floating Bear, a part of the mimeograph revolution in little magazines.

Independent Film:
Primary by Richard Leacock, A. Maysles, D. A. Pennebaker, and Robert Drew.
Jazz on a Summer's Day by Bert Stern
Lemon Hearts by Vernon Zimmerman (starring Taylor Mead)
Inner and Outer Space by Robert Breer

1961

Ronald Tavel meets Jack Smith at the apartment of painter Joel Markman.

Paul Morrissey makes his first short 16mm film.

Jimmy Slattery begins making trips from Massapequa to New York City, where he dresses in semidrag.

February—Henry Geldzahler plays the part of a "soft father" in a Claes Oldenburg Happening Ironworks/ Fotodeath at the Reuben Gallery.

April—Warhol exhibits comic-strip and display-ad paintings in Bonwit Teller's shop windows for one week, behind five mannequins in spring dresses and hats, including Advertisement, Little King, Superman, Before and After, and Saturday's Popeye.

July—Fred Herko and Yvonne Rainer make their debuts as choreographers at a group dance concert organized by James Waring.

September—Gerard Malanga enrolls in Wagner College.

c. December—Ivan Karp brings Leo Castelli to Warhol's townhouse.

December—Irving Blum visits Warhol and offers him an exhibition at his Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles.

December—Claes Oldenburg's installation The Store opens at a real store on the Lower East Side.

December 26—John Vaccaro arrives in New York and lives in the East Village.

December—Warhol visits Floriano Vecchi, who provides basic instruction in silk screening.

Billy Linich meets individuals associated with Black Mountain College, including Nick Cernovich, Dorothy Podber, and Ray Johnson.

1961

The Art of Assemblage opens at the Museum of Modern Art.

Homemade amphetamine production is on the rise.

February—Lenny Bruce performs at Carnegie Hall.

March-July—At the AG Gallery George Maciunas and LaMonte Young stage a series of interdisciplinary "Literary Evenings and Musica Antiqua et Nova" concerts.

April 15-20—American air strikes on Cuba's Bay of Pigs are unsuccessful.

George Maciunas coins the word Fluxus, and Dick Higgins describes its elements: internationalism, experimentalism, iconoclasm, intermedia, resolution of the life/art dichotomy, play, ephemerality, and specificity.

La Monte Young organizes a series of music concerts at Yoko Ono's loft on Chambers Street.

Published:
Silence by John Cage
Franny and Zooey by J.D. Salinger
Psychotherapy East and West by Alan Watts
Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note by LeRoi Jones
Kaddish by Allen Ginsberg
Black Like Me by John Griffin
The American Dream by Edward Albee
Tropic of Cancer by Henry Miller

Independent Film:
Cosmic Ray by Bruce Connor
The Sin of Jesus by Robert Frank
Arabesque for Kenneth Anger by Marie Menken
No. 12 (Heaven and Earth Magic) by Harry Smith

1962

John Vaccaro meets Jack Smith.

Jack Smith creates Cinemaroc Studios.

Mickey Ruskin opens a new restaurant, Deux Magots, which becomes a center for poetry readings.

January—The New American Cinema Group disbands; Jonas Mekas founds the Film-Makers' Cooperative, a distribution system for independent films, leading to the end of Amos Vogel's Cinema

. May—Lou Reed edits two issues of Lonely Woman Quarterly at Syracuse University and publishes his first story.

May 11—Time includes Warhol in the first mass-media article on Pop Art ("The Slice-of-Cake School").

June 4—Henry Geldzahler suggests that Warhol start painting darker subjects, pointing to the day's headline in The New York Mirror: 129 DIE IN JET. . This marks the beginning of Warhol's Death and Disaster series.

July 9-August 4—Warhol's show of Campbell's Soup Can paintings runs at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles.

Summer and fall—Jack Smith shoots Flaming Creatures on the roof of the Windsor Theater in New York. Actors include Rene Rivera (Mario Montez), Francis Francine,Marian Zazeela, and Joel Markman, and Ron Tavel and Billy Linich, provided tech assistance.

July—Warhol photo-silk-screens, beginning with baseball player and movie star canvases (Warren Beatty, Troy Donahue).

Fall—Edie Sedgwick enters Silver Hill, a psychiatric hospital in Connecticut, for treatment of eating disorders.

September 18—Michael and Ileana Sonnabend offer Warhol a show in their soon-to-be-opened gallery in Paris.

October 31—Jim Dine, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, James Rosenquist, George Segal, Warhol, and Tom Wesselmann are included in a group show entitled The New Realists at the Sidney Janis Gallery.

November 6—A show of Warhol paintings opens at Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery. Henry Geldzahler throws a party following the opening.

December —The Museum of Modern Art holds a symposium on Pop Art, featuring Dore Ashton, Leo Steinberg, Stanley Kunitz, and Hilton Kramer. Geldzahler is the only one to support Pop.

1962

Filmmaker Shirley Clarke wins her New York State case against censorship of The Connection.

February 14—Ralph Ginzburg begins publication of Eros, a high-toned magazine about eroticism.After a few issues, a campaign led by the National Office for Decent Literature lands the publisher in jail.

June—Artforum magazine is published in San Francisco, edited by Philip Leider.

July 6—The Judson group, not yet called the Judson Dance Theater, gives its first concert as an outgrowth of a dance composition class.

August 13—Borders between East and West Berlin are closed, leading to the Berlin Wall.

September—The first Fluxus concerts are staged in Wiesbaden, Germany.

Fall—The Judson dancers continue to stage weekly workshops, showing their dance compositions to one another; from to the group stages nearly works, and revolutionizes dance.

Fall—The Judson Poets Theater, begun by Al Carmines and Bob Nichols, stages its first productions: Joel Oppenheimer's The Great American Desert and Guillaume Apollinaire's The Breast of Tiresias.

The Twist starts at the Peppermint Lounge.

87 percent of homes in the United States have television sets.

Ray Johnson initiates the New York Correspondance [sic] School, a network of artists who use the mail system for their art.

Debuts: Diet Rite, Polaroid color film, Kmart, Esalen Institute, the Twist.

John F. Kennedy inaugurated as the thirty-fifth (and youngest) President of the United States.

September 30—James Meredith is the first African American to enroll at the University ofMississippi.

November—George Wallace is elected governor of Alabama.

First New York one-man shows include James Rosenquist (January, Green Gallery), Roy Lichtenstein (February, Leo Castelli), Wayne Thiebaud (April, Allan Stone), Robert Indiana (Stable Gallery).

Published:
Sex and the Single Girl by Helen Gurley Brown
Another Country by James Baldwin
Catch-22 by Joseph Heller
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

Pop Art is featured in national magazines, including Time, Life, and Newsweek, and cover stories begin in 1963.

Bob Dylan's first album is released.

Late in the year—A newspaper strike in New York causes the circulation of The Village Voice to jump from 17,000 to 40,000.

Independent Films:
Dog Star Man: Part by Stan Brakhage
Thanatopsis by Ed Emshwiller
Scotch Tape by Jack Smith

1963

Chuck Wein moves to Tangiers, tutors the son of William Burroughs, and returns to the United States in spring 1964.

Early—Jonas Mekas's Monday-night midnight screenings of independent films move to the Bleecker Street Cinema, where they continue until June.

Early—Warhol gets a prescription for Obetrol, a diet pill that is a mild amphetamine.

Early—Warhol rents a two-story brick firehouse at East Eighty-seventh Street, as a studio, for $150 a month. Throughout the year Warhol sees many underground films at the Film-Makers' Cooperative, the Charles Theater, and the Bleecker Street Cinema organized by Jonas Mekas.

January—Billy Linich moves to California in order to recuperate from a lack of energy; lives with Diane di Prima.

Spring—Edie Sedgwick receives a day pass to leave Bloomingdale Hospital, has sex, gets pregnant, and has an abortion.

May—In The Village Voice Jonas Mekas announces the beginning of a cinematic revolution, embodied in Ron Rice's The Queen of Sheba Meets the Atom Man, Jack Smith's Flaming Creatures, Ken Jacobs's Little Stabs at Happiness, and Bob Fleischner's Blonde Cobra.

Memorial Day Weekend—Warhol gets the idea of filming John Giorno sleeping. In his first attempts filmmaking, he uses a camera borrowed from Wynn Chamberlain. The film is underexposed and unwatchable.

Summer—Harold Ajzenberg (aka Holly Woodlawn) arrives in New York, from Miami.

Summer—Barbara Rubin becomes associated with Jonas Mekas and the Film-Makers' Cooperative.

Summer—Ondine introduces Billy Linich to amphetamine.

June 13—Charles Henri Ford introduces Warhol to Gerard Malanga after a poetry reading by Frank O'Hara and Kenneth Koch in the New School garden. Two days later Malanga becomes Warhol's silk-screening assistant.

July—Accompanied by Gerard Malanga and Charles Henri Ford,Warhol buys a Bolex 16mm at Peerless Camera.

July-August—Warhol films John Giorno sleeping, and this becomes Sleep.

August—John Cale arrives in New York, after a month at Tanglewood, and meets La Monte Young.

August 11-12 weekend—Andy Warhol, Gerard Malanga, Diane di Prima, Mario Montez, and others participate in the shooting of Jack Smith's Normal Love in a glade behind Eleanor Ward's summer house in Old Lyme. Warhol films a threeminute "newsreel" of Smith filming Normal Love.

Summer—Ethel Scull commissions Warhol to create a portrait of her, resulting in Ethel Scull Thirty-six Times.

Summer—Paul Morrissey films Taylor Mead Dances, starring Taylor Mead.

Late summer—Edie Sedgwick moves to Cambridge to study art with Lily Saarinen, her cousin.

Fall—Warhol films the first Kiss movies: three-minute black-and-white close-ups of couples kissing.

September 9—Erik Satie's Vexations, an eighty-sevensecond piano piece, is repeated 840 times, performed by a rotating team of pianists, including John Cage and John Cale; it begins at six P.M. and ends the next day at 12:40 P.M.

September—Delmore Schwartz begins teaching at Syracuse University and soon meets Lou Reed.

September—Warhol is notified that his firehouse studio building will be put on the auction block.

c. September 25—Warhol, Malanga, Taylor Mead, and Wynn Chamberlain drive to Los Angeles for the September opening of Warhol's show at the Ferus Gallery, featuring Elvis Presley paintings; none sell.

Early October—Warhol shoots Tarzan and Jane Regained...Sort Of, starring Taylor Mead and featuring Naomi Levine, Dennis Hopper, and others.

October 8—Warhol, Malanga, Mead, and Chamberlain attend the opening of By or of Marcel Duchamp or Rrose Selavy at the Pasadena Art Museum, curated by Walter Hopps.

October—C magazine number 4 is published, featuring Warhol's front and back covers with Denby and Malanga kissing.

Mid-October—Warhol and entourage return to New York;Warhol begins looking for new studio space.

November—ARTnews publishes the first Warhol interview, conducted by Gene Swenson.

November—Lou Reed hears a Bob Dylan concert in Syracuse.

Late November—Warhol accompanies Ray Johnson to a haircutting party at Billy Linich's apartment, which has been entirely covered in silver. Warhol suggests Billy do the same thing to his new raw studio space.

December—Warhol rents space at 231 East Fortyseventh Street, a former hat factory. The fifty-byone- hundred-foot space will soon be dubbed "the Factory."

December—Warhol films Haircut #1, with Billy Linich, John Dodd, Fred Herko, and James Waring.

December—Warhol begins shooting Screen Test series; Gerard Malanga is the first subject. The series will continue until 1967.

1963

1963-1964—Festivals become a popular form, including Fluxus festivals and Charlotte Moorman's First Festival of the Avant-Garde.

Acoustical folk singing becomes popular, including Peter, Paul, and Mary and The Kingston Trio.

Published: The Fire Next Time by James Baldwin
The Other America by Michael Harrington
The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath
The Group by Mary McCarthy

Dylan records "The Times They Are A-Changin'."

Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert [aka Baba Ram Dass] are fired from Harvard for testing LSD on students.

February—First meeting of the Open Theater, organized by Joe Chaikin (including seventeen actors and four writers).

February—Jack Smith, Tony Conrad, and Henry Flynt picket the Museum of Modern Art, Lincoln Center, and the Metropolitan Museum carrying signs: DEMOLISH SERIOUS CULTURE! DEMOLISH ART MUSEUMS! NO MORE ART! DEMOLISH CONCERT HALLS! DEMOLISH LINCOLN CENTER!!

February 9—The Beatles appear on the Ed Sullivan Show, and Beatlemania begins.

February 19—Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique is published and becomes a paperback bestseller, inspiring an organized feminist movement.

Mid-March—Guggenheim Museum opens "Six Painters and the Object," including Warhol, Dine, Rosenquist, Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Roy Lichtenstein.

May—Robert Rauschenberg has his first one-person museum show, at the Jewish Museum.

May 11—"Yam Day" begins the Fluxus-inspired Yam Festival. The month-long festival, organized by George Brecht and Robert Watts, runs communal group events at various locations and includes The Billy Linich Show.

Edward Albee, Richard Barr, and Clinton Wilder organize the Playwrights Unit, producing workshop productions at the Village South Theater on Van Dam Street.

Red Grooms founds Ruckus Productions as a multimedia performance company.

April—The notorious Armory Show (which introduced modern art to New York) is re-created in situ.

April 1—The Judson Dance Theater begins calling itself by this name and sponsors Yvonne Rainer's evening-length work, Terrain, which Warhol attends.

May 13—The Living Theater's production of The Brig is the last play produced at the Living Theater's Fourteenth Street space.

June—Kennedy establishes a national arts commission, taking the first step toward the creation of the National Endowment for the Arts.

August 28—Martin Luther King, Jr., delivers his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 250,000 in The March on Washington, staged to promote civil rights.

Group exhibitions of Pop Art in museums proliferate: Pop! Goes the Easel (Houston Contemporary Arts Museum, April); The Popular Image (Washington Gallery ofModernArt,April); Pop Art, USA (Oakland Art Museum, September); Mixed Media and Pop Art (Albright-Knox Art Gallery,November)

September—First New York Film Festival is organized by Amos Vogel at Lincoln Center.

October—Artforum publishes the catalogue essay by Coplans for Pop Art, USA, which was "the first exhibition to attempt a collective look at the movement in this country."

October 17—The Internal Revenue Service closes down the Living Theater and the Becks are arrested and imprisoned.

Naked Lunch is banned in Boston and put on trial for obscenity.

The Cedar Tavern closes; it opens later under new management but never catches on as an artistwriter hangout.

November 22—President John F. Kennedy is assassinated.

December—Joe Chaikin's Open Theater presents its first public performance at the Sheridan Square Playhouse.

Late 1963—George Maciunas produces Fluxus Editions —cheap open editions of artist's events, scores, games, and concepts. He soon opens a store on Canal Street and discovers that few people are interested in buying the Fluxus works.

Café La Mama begins in a basement at Second Avenue, founded by Ellen Stewart, beginning with productions of Harold Pinter, Eugene O'Neill, and Tennessee Williams.

Independent Films:
Scorpio Rising by Kenneth Anger
Blonde Cobra by Ken Jacobs
Little Stabs at Happiness by Ken Jacobs
Flaming Creatures by Jack Smith
The Queen of Sheba Meets the Atom Man by Ron Rice
Christmas on Earth by Barbara Rubin
Twice a Man by Gregory Markopoulos

1964

Jimmy Slattery (aka Candy Darling) meets Harold Azjenberg (aka Holly Woodlawn).

Early 1964—Jack Smith uses the word superstar in print, in Gnauoua.

January—Warhol shoots Screen Test #1, featuring Ronald Tavel interrogating Philip Fagan.

January 17-20—Jonas Mekas screens Sleep at the Gramercy Arts Theater.

Warhol buys his first tape recorder.

Late January—Billy Linich starts to renovate the raw space at 231 East Forty-seventh Street, and by February he makes the Factory his primary residence.

c. February—Warhol begins a romantic/sexual relationship with Billy Linich; it lasts a few months, but their closeness continues long afterward.

February 1—Scheduled date for the first publication of Stable, edited by Gerard Malanga, published by Eleanor Ward, with cover by Andy Warhol. The magazine never materialized.

February 2—Warhol films Robert Indiana in a twenty-seven- minute film, Eat; it is first shown July 16, 1964, at the Filmmakers' Cinematheque.

February 14—Mario Montez and Jack Smith, both living at 89 Grand Street, invite Andy and others to view an in-progress version of Normal Love. (Smith will never finish the film.)

February 18—Tarzan and Jane Regained...Sort Of premieres at the Grammercy Arts Theater.

March 4—Edie Sedgwick's brother Minturn hangs himself on the day before his twenty-sixth birthday. Shortly thereafter she meets Chuck Wein.

March 23—Taylor Mead stars in LeRoi Jones's The Baptism and Frank O'Hara's The General Returns from One Place to Another, for which he wins an Obie award.

April—Warhol installs the Thirteen Most Wanted Men series at the New York World's Fair, but governor Nelson Rockefeller objects. On April 16 Philip Johnson informs Warhol that he has twenty-four hours to replace or remove the mural. On April 17 Warhol instructs that his mural be painted over silver.

April 20—Edie Sedgwick's twenty-first birthday party is held at the Harvard Boat House; she comes into a trust fund from her maternal grandmother.

April 21—Warhol's exhibition of trompe l'oeil sculptures of about four hundred grocery boxes opens at the Stable Gallery. The post-opening party is the first public event held at the Factory.

Spring—Leo Castelli invites Warhol to join his gallery, and Warhol accepts.

Spring—During his last term at Syracuse University, Lou Reed writes "Heroin" and "I'm Waiting for My Man."

Spring—Warhol films Batman/Dracula, starring Jack Smith; it is never screened.

Spring and summer—Warhol films three-minute silent scenes for Couch.

Early May—Edie Sedgwick arrives in New York.

June—Before graduating from Syracuse University, Betsey Johnson is invited to work at Mademoiselle magazine, where she quickly learns about fashion.

June—Lou Reed graduates from Syracuse University with honors.

July 25-26—Warhol shoots Empire, with concept by John Palmer.

September—Lou Reed begins working for Pickwick International; during the next five months he publishes at least five songs.

September 5—Warhol films Taylor Mead's Ass, starring Taylor Mead.

Fall—John Cale moves into an apartment with Tony Conrad at 56 Ludlow Street.

Fall—Dorothy Podber visits the Factory, pulls out a gun, and shoots a stack of four Marilyn paintings through the forehead.

Late September—Four Warhol films (Sleep, Eat, Haircut, and Kiss) are represented at the New York Film Festival by three-minute loops, each played simultaneously in the lobby on four Fairchild 400 projectors, with a score by La Monte Young.

October—Warhol meets Philip Fagan, who becomes his boyfriend.

October 27—Freddie Herko goes to John Dodd's apartment in Greenwich Village, puts on Mozart's Coronation Mass, dances naked out a fifth-floor window, and dies.

November—Warhol meets Ronald Tavel, introduced by Gerard Malanga at the Café Le Metro.

November 21—Warhol's exhibition of Flower paintings opens at the Leo Castelli Gallery.

November—Warhol buys an Auricon sound camera.

December 7—At midnight Warhol receives the sixth annual Film Culture award, cited by Jonas Mekas, for Sleep, Haircut, Kiss, Eat, and Empire.

December 13—Warhol shoots his first sound film, Harlot, scenario by Ronald Tavel, starring Mario Montez, Gerard Malanga, Billy Linich, and others.

December 31—On New Year's Eve Edie Sedgwick's brother Bobby crashes his motorcycle and dies eleven days later. In California Edie crashes a car, which is totaled, but Edie emerges with only small facial scars and her leg in a cast.

December—Tom Wolfe calls Jane Holzer "Girl of the Year."

Late 1964—Warhol and Malanga begin Thermofax series.

1964

Lincoln Center's second building, the New York State Theater, opens.

Early in the year—The Living Theater leaves for a fouryear European self-imposed exile.

The National Endowment for the Arts is established.

The Playwrights Unit group, as Theater , produces plays at the Cherry Lane (including LeRoi Jones's Dutchman and plays by Arrabal, Beckett, Pinter, and Albee) and the East End Theater (including Adrienne Kennedy's Funnyhouse of a Negro.)

February—The Moderna Museet, in Stockholm, opens its exhibition, Amerikansk Pop-konst.

February—The New Art, curated by Sam Green, opens at the Wesleyan art gallery; it included Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Richard Artschwager, Claes Oldenburg,Tom Wesslemann,Marisol,Agnes Martin, John Chamberlain, and Yoyoi Kusama.

February 9—The Beatles debut on the Ed Sullivan Show, singing "I Want to Hold Your Hand."

February—The Fifty-fifth Street Playhouse opens as the first commercial theatre devoted exclusively to the showing of "experimental and avant-garde" movies.

February 25—Cassius Clay defeats Sonny Liston and becomes the heavyweight champion of the world, joins the Nation of Islam the following day, and changes his name to Muhammad Ali.

March 7—Kenneth Anger's Scorpio Rising seized by L.A.Vice Squad.

March—Malcolm X separates from the Nation of Islam to plan an all-black nationalist party.

March—The Gramercy Arts Theater is closed down by the New York City License Department. Mekas moves screenings to the New Bowery Theater, where he is arrested for showing Flaming Creatures, and a second time for showing Genet's Un Chant d'Amour. Warhol's three-minute "newsreel" on the making of Normal Love is confiscated and never recovered.

March 17—Kenneth Anger and Stan Brakhage show cancelled at the New Bowery Theater.

March 18—Kuchar Brothers film program cancelled at the New Bowery Theater under pressure.

April—The Judson Dance Theater stages its sixteenth and last group concert.

April 7—Lenny Bruce is arrested during his performance at Café à Go Go for "indecent performance."

April 22—New York World's Fair opens.

April 22—To promote freedom of expression, about

200 people gather at Bryant Park and march to Lincoln Center; participants include Taylor Mead, Jonas Mekas, Judith Malina, Julian Beck.

May 25—First issue of Los Angeles Free Press is published.

Summer—After The Dutchman, LeRoi Jones becomes known as an African American playwright with a radical political vision.

Summer—Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, and Claes Oldenburg are included in the Venice Biennale and Rauschenberg becomes the first American to win the top prize.

Summer—A large-scale civil rights voter registration project is conducted by over 800 volunteers throughout the South.

August 10—The Gulf of Tonkin resolution gives President Johnson unlimited authority to pursue war in Vietnam.

September 24—The Warren Commission Report is released, describing the Kennedy assassination as Lee Harvey Oswald acting alone.

Fall—Susan Sontag's "Against Interpretation" is published in the Evergreen Review and "Notes on Camp" is published in Partisan Review.

October—When political activity is banned from the Berkeley campus of the University of California, students protest.

October 14—Martin Luther King, Jr., is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

November—Lyndon Johnson is elected President, and Hubert Humphrey Vice President.

December—800 Berkeley students are arrested in a sitin on behalf of free speech on campus.

Published:
Understanding Media by Marshall McLuhan
Lunch Poems by Frank O'Hara
Anti-Intellectualism in American Life by Richard Hofstadter

The Beatles' first tour of the United States contributes to their position as the most popular music-group in the English-speaking world.

The Surgeon General's report, Smoking and Health, links smoking and lung disease.

Independent Films:
Dog Star Man, part III and IV by Stan Brakhage
Babo by Robert Downey
Chumlum by Ron Rice
The Brig by Jonas Mekas
Fleming Faloon by George Landow
Breathdeathby Stan Vanderbeek

1965

Valerie Solanas writes "A Young Girl's Primer on How to Attain the Leisure Class," which will be published in Cavalier in 1966.

Joe Dallesandro, convicted for a variety of legal offenses, is sent to Camp Cass Rehabilitation Center for four months.

January—Lou Reed meets John Cale and soon joins Cale, Tony Conrad, and Walter de Maria to record "The Ostrich."

January—Jonas Mekas declares a new era of underground stars.

February—Lou Reed moves into 56 Ludlow, sharing the apartment with John Cale.

February—Warhol films Screen Test #2.

February—Sterling Morrison joins Lou Reed and John Cale in their band.

March—Warhol shoots Ronald Tavel's script The Life of Juanita Castro.

March 26—Edie Sedgwick and Chuck Wein meet Warhol at Lester Persky's birthday party for Tennessee Williams.

April—Warhol films Horse.

April 9—Sedgwick and Warhol attend a preview at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. They are treated in the press as "the" Pop couple.

April—Sixteen-year-old Stephen Shore begins to shoot photographs at the Factory.

Late April—Warhol films Vinyl, with script by Ronald Tavel, starring Gerard Malanga, Ondine, and, in her first appearance, Edie Sedgwick.

April 25—Lester Persky and Warhol stage the Fifty Most Beautiful People Party at the Factory.

April 30—Warhol, Sedgwick, Wein, and Malanga arrive in Paris for an exhibition of Warhol's Flower series at the Sonnabend Gallery. Warhol says publicly that he wants to stop painting in order to concentrate on movies.

May-July—Warhol shoots episodes in the life of Edie Sedgwick, organized by Chuck Wein. The resulting films include Restaurant, Poor Little Rich Girl, Beauty #2, and others.

Spring—Two "ritual happenings" organized by Angus MacLise and Piero Heliczer are staged at the Filmmakers' Cinematheque. Lou Reed, John Cale, and Sterling Morrison perform behind a screen.

June—Warhol films Kitchen in Buddy Wirtschafter's white studio.

c. Summer—During a three-month stay in Los Angeles, Joe Dallesandro poses for physique photographs taken by Bob Mizer (Athletic Model Guild) and by Bruce Bellas (aka Bruce of Los Angeles).

July—Lou Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison, and Angus MacLise record a rehearsal tape that includes "Heroin" and "Venus in Furs."

July—Vogue launches Edie Sedgwick as a representative of the Youthquaker generation.

July 19—Vinyl and Poor Little Rich Girl are screened in a double bill at the Astor Place Theater. Paul Morrissey, via Gerard Malanga, meets Warhol.

July 26—Two plays by Ronald Tavel (The Life of Juanita Castro, Shower) open at the Coda Galleries in New York, directed by John Vaccaro. This production marks the beginning of the group that will be known as the Play-House of the Ridiculous.

July 30—Warhol tapes the first twelve hours of Ondine and others for a: a novel. On the same day a Norelco videotape camera and monitor arrive at the Factory on a month-long loan.Warhol shoots at least eleven tapes, including two that are incorporated into Outer and Inner Space.

September—Warhol shoots My Hustler on Fire Island, featuring Paul America, Joe Campbell, Genevieve Charbon, and Ed Hood, with concept by Chuck Wein.

Late September—Paraphernalia opens on Madison Avenue, featuring Betsey Johnson's designs and live models frugging in the display window.

October—Gerard Malanga meets Mary Woronov in Ithaca, New York.

October 4—Several people gather on the roof of the Factory and inflate with helium the first versions of the Silver Clouds, conceived as a farewell to art.

October 8—Warhol's first retrospective exhibition opens at the Institute of Contemporary Art in Philadelphia.

November 11—The Velvet Underground play their first paying engagement at Summit High School in Summit, New Jersey.

Early December—Discotheque entrepreneur Michael Mayerberg invites Warhol to become an attraction for a disco, to open in spring 1966. Morrissey conceives the idea that Warhol should sponsor a band.

December 15—The Velvet Underground begin a twoweek engagement at Café Bizarre. Via Barbara Rubin they meet Gerard Malanga, Andy Warhol, Paul Morrissey, and Nico.

December—Warhol films Lupe.

Late December—Sedgwick and Cale begin a romantic relationship that lasts about a month.

1965

January—Ondine opens on East Fifty-eighth Street; along with Arthur, it is one of the first discotheques in New York.

February—The Responsive Eye opens at the Museum of Modern Art, focusing on Op Art. Simultaneously Briget Riley has her first one-person show and sells out on opening day.

February 8—Lyndon Johnson initiates bombing raids on North Vietnam.

LeRoi Jones leaves Greenwich Village.

February 21—Malcolm X is assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem.

March 25—The National Guard protects a civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama.

March—Bob Dylan's album Bringing It All Back Home is released.

April—Stokely Carmichael is elected president of SNCC.

July 24—Bob Dylan "goes electric" at the Newport Folk Festival.

August 10-13—Riots occur in the black ghetto of Watts; more than African Americans are killed. Summer—A Free University is organized in New York.

Summer—Charles Cowles takes over as publisher of Artforum and moves it to Los Angeles, its offices located over the Ferus Gallery.

Summer—LSD becomes commonly available in New York.

July 10—The Rolling Stones' "I Can't Get No Satisfaction" is #1.

October—Bob Dylan's album Highway 61 Revisited is released.

October 1—The East Village Other begins bi-weekly publication, with initial circulation of 2,500.

October 4—The Pope visits New York.

November 7—Jack Smith's play Rehearsal for the Destruction of Atlantis opens at the Filmmakers' Cinematheque.

Published:
Games People Play by Eric Berne
The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby by Tom Wolfe
I Lost It at the Movies by Pauline Kael
Culture and Society by Herbert Marcuse
The Autobiography of Malcolm X

November—Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters cross the United States in their bus, "Onward," and hold the first acid test open to the public.

November—An "Expanded Cinema" festival at the Filmmakers Cinematheque, organized by Jonas Mekas, explores the use of multiple screens, multiple projectors, hand-held projectors, moving slide projections. Participants include Claes Oldenburg, Nam June Paik, Robert Rauschenberg, Robert Whitman, and emerging light artists Jackie Cassen, Don Snyder, Rudi Stern, and the USCO group. Warhol's evenings, on November 22 and 23, feature split-screen movie projection.

November—Norman Morrison, a Quaker pacifist, immolates himself in front of the Pentagon in protest of the Vietnam War.

United FarmWorkers Organizing Committee launches a strike against California grape growers.

Color television becomes popular in the United States.

Miniskirts become fashionable.

Independent Films:
Kustom Kar Kommandos by Kenneth Anger
The Art of Vision by Stan Brakhage
Aviary by Joseph Cornell
Peyote Queen by Storm de Hirsch
Echoes of Silence by Peter Goldman
Sins of the Fleshapoids by Michael Kuchar
Short Wave by Michael Snow
O Dem Watermelons by R. Nelson

1966

January 10—The Exploding Plastic Inevitable play their first engagement at Delmonico's, for a psychiatrists' black tie banquet.

January 15—Mickey Ruskin stages the opening party for Max's Kansas City.

Late January—Sedgwick breaks relations with Warhol and asks that her films not be shown.

February—Warhol films Hedy.

February 6—Leo Castelli introduces Gerard Malanga and Benedetta Barzini.

c. February—Henry Geldzahler announces his selection for the Venice Biennale exhibition;Warhol is not among them and they do not talk for several months.

March 30—Jackie Curtis meets Harold Azjenberg (Holly Woodlawn) and Jimmy Slattery (Candy Darling) while watching Color Me Barbra on television.

April 2—Warhol's second exhibition at Leo Castelli opens, featuring Cow wallpaper and floating Silver Clouds; it runs till April 21.

April 8—The Exploding Plastic Inevitable open at the Polsky Dom Narodny in the East Village. During their two-week run the Velvet Underground and Nico record the majority of the tracks for their first album.

April 21—A double bill of two Tavel plays, The Life of Juanita Castro and The Life of Lady Godiva, opens; they are the first works officially produced by the Play-House of the Ridiculous.

Spring—Gerard Malanga introduces Susan Bottomly (aka International Velvet) to the Factory.

May 1—The Exploding Plastic Inevitable travel to the West Coast, where they open on May 3 in Los Angeles at the Trip, and play at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco on May 26.

June-September—Warhol shoots about fifteen oneand two-reel films at the Factory, in various apartments, and at the Chelsea Hotel. These reels will become The Chelsea Girls.

Summer—Henry Geldzahler's exhibition (Licthenstein, Olitski, Frankenthaler, Kelly) opens at the Venice Biennale; there Geldzahler meets Fred Hughes, whom he later introduces to Warhol.

July—Delmore Schwartz, Lou Reed's mentor, dies of a heart attack. Reed leaves Beth Israel Hospital, against medical advice, to attend the funeral.

July 26—Danny Williams drowns in Massachusetts.

September 10—The Chelsea Girls opens at the Filmmakers' Cinematheque on West Forty-first Street.

September—The Exploding Plastic Inevitable perform at the Dom, now called the Balloon Farm and managed by Albert Grossman.

Mid-October—Edie Sedgwick's apartment catches fire; she moves to the Chelsea Hotel.

1966

January—United States resumes bombing North Vietnam.

The United States Federal Government declares LSD illegal.

Canyon Cinema, organized by Bruce Baillie and Larry Jordan, opens in San Francisco, modeled on the Film-Makers' Cooperative.

January 17—The Great Trips Festival is held in San Francisco. Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters participate in an "Acid Test," experimenting with LSD; this event is considered the first conclave of hippies.

January—Automatic draft deferments for college students are abolished.

February 1—Congress passes Senator Christopher Dodd's bill, "The Drug Abuse Control Amendment of 1965," requiring increased recordkeeping of manufacture, prescription, and sale of amphetamine.

Late April—The Cheetah, a 1500-person-capacity discotheque, opens on Broadway and Fifty-third Street.

May—Jonas Mekas starts the Film-Makers' Distribution Center to expand distribution of independent film.

June—James Meredith begins a civil rights march across Mississippi and is wounded by a sniper on the second day. Stokely Carmichael and Martin Luther King, Jr., continue the march. The slogan "Black Power" is first used, and explained by Carmichael in an essay, "What We Want," published in The New York Review of Books.

Summer—Jimi Hendrix becomes popular.

August 3—Lenny Bruce overdoses on heroin.

August 5—John Lennon says that the Beatles are currently more popular than Jesus Christ.

Black Panthers organize in Oakland.

Fall—An organized draft resistance movement is initiated by pledges of students to refuse military service; their slogan is "We Won't Go."

November—The Doors come to New York for the first time and perform at Ondine.

November 28—Truman Capote throws a Black and White Dance in The Grand Ballroom of the Plaza Hotel, inviting five hundred distinguished guests.

Berkeley students demand "student power," and others campuses follow.

Bob Dylan's Blonde on Blonde is released.

Published:
Quotations of Chairman Mao
Human Sexual Response by Masters and Johnson
Love's Body by Norman O. Brown
In Cold Blood by Truman Capote
Against Interpretation and Other Essays by Susan Sontag
Valley of the Dolls by Jacqueline Susann
On Aggression by Konrad Lorenz
Hell's Angels by Hunter Thompson

National Organization for Women (N.O.W.) is founded by Betty Friedan and others.

A federally funded corporation for Public Broadcasting is begun.

Timothy Leary tours campuses, espousing the possibilities of LSD, using the slogan "Turn on, tune in, and drop out."

Independent Films:
Castro Street by Bruce Baillie
The Flicker by Tony Conrad
Hold Me While I'm Naked by George Kuchar
Chafed Elbows by Robert Downey
Amphetamine by Warren Sonbert

1967

January-March—Valerie Solanas writes The SCUM Manifesto.

Kulchur Press publishes Screen Tests by Gerard Malanga and Andy Warhol, including Malanga's poetry and stills from Screen Test movies.

c. February—Jackie Curtis writes Glamour, Glory, and Gold, The Life and Legend of Nola Noonan.

March—The Velvet Underground and Nico is released.

March 26—The Be-In, staged in Central Park on Easter Sunday, marks the beginning of the shooting of Ciao! Manhattan, continuing through June.

April 21—Valerie Solanas buys her first recruiting advertisement for SCUM in The Village Voice.

April—The Exploding Plastic Inevitable perform at the Gymnasium.

May—Warhol takes an entourage to Cannes Film Festival to show The Chelsea Girls, but he is not allowed to screen it. During this trip he reconnects with Taylor Mead.

July—Warhol and the Velvet Underground go to Philip Johnson's Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, where the band performs for a Merce Cunningham Dance Company benefit.

July—Nico meets Jim Morrison and begins a monthlong affair.

July—My Hustler begins a successful run at the Hudson Theater in Times Square.

July—Warhol films I, a Man, starring Tom Baker and, in a supporting role, Valerie Solanas. (It opens August 24 at the Hudson Theater.)

August 4—Susan Hoffman (aka Viva) meets Warhol at a party given by Betsey Johnson, and she soon appears in her first Factory film, Bike Boy.

August—Valerie Solanas meets Maurice Girodias, who offers her a contract to write a novel for the Olympia Press.

September—The Velvet Underground record their second album, White Light/White Heat, in New York.

Fall—On a lecture tour Allen Midgette impersonates Warhol on several occasions before being discovered.

Fall—Joe Dallesandro meets Warhol shooting The Loves of Ondine. Paul Morrissey invites him to appear in a scene.

September 10—Gerard Malanga goes to Italy, where his film In Search of the Miraculous is shown at the Bergamo Festival. Malanga will not return to New York until March 1968.

October—Glamour, Glory, and Gold by Jackie Curtis opens at Sebastiano's Cellar.

October 6—Bike Boy opens at the Hudson Theater.

October 31—Warhol shoots Nude Restaurant.

December—Producing works by "Andy Warhol," Gerard Malanga silk-screens images of Che Guevara.

December—Random House publishes Andy Warhol's Index (Book).

December 15—**** in its twenty-five-hour-long version is shown, beginning at eight-thirty P.M. and ending at nine-thirty P.M. the following evening.

1967

An article observes that sixteen of the top forty records contain "positive drug messages."

Arab and Israeli forces engage in a six-day war.

January—The Brig, Scorpio Rising, and Echoes of Silence open at the New Yorker Theater.

January 14—"Gathering of the Tribes for a Human Be- In" happens in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco; Allen Ginsberg is a prominent force, and ten thousand are present.

February—The first organizing meeting is held of the New York chapter of the National Organization for Women.

March 20—Twiggy arrives in New York, immediately visits Betsey Johnson.

April 15—"Spring Mobilization" demonstrations against the Vietnam War are staged throughout the country, culminating in marches in New York (200,000 participants) and San Francisco (65,000 participants).

April—The Resistance forms in California, focusing on noncooperation with the draft.

June 16-18—The Monterey Pop Festival is held.

June—Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is released.

July 29—The Doors'"Light My Fire" becomes the most popular single in America.

Summer—Unrest among African Americans leads to widespread urban rebellion, notably in Newark (26 dead), Detroit (43 dead), New York. Property damage due to fires and riots is in the hundreds of millions.

Summer—The "Summer of Love" takes place in San Francisco.

Summer—The Chelsea Girls plays on screens throughout the United States.

September—Bob Mizer's Physique photographs of Joe Dallesandro, taken in 1965, are published in Physique Pictorial, volume 16, number 3. This is the last issue of the magazine in which models do not show frontal nudity.

September—The national Black Power conference is held in Newark.

September—Sheldon Renan and Gregory Battcock's books on underground film are published, the first such books on the New American Cinema.

October 7—Che Guevara is killed.

October—Robert Rauschenberg stages a news conference happening to announce the merging of art and technology, part of E.A.T. (Experiments in Art and Technology)

October 21-22—The March on the Pentagon is staged, including notable intellectuals, Noam Chomsky, Norman Mailer, Dwight MacDonald.

Published:
Black Power! by Stokely Carmichael
The Medium Is the Message by Marshall McLuhan.

R. Crumb's Zap comics are the first underground comics to reach a large audience.

Muhammad Ali is stripped of his heavyweight championship title because he refuses to serve in the army.

United States troops in Vietnam increase to 474,000,and the death toll exceeds 13,000.

Independent Films:
Portrait of Jason by Shirley Clarke
Report by Bruce Conner
The Iliac Passion by Gregory Markopolous
David Holzman's Diary by Jim McBride
Fuses by Carolee Schneemann
Wavelength by Michael Snow

1968

January—Valerie Solanas travels to California and stays for about five months.

January 9 and 16—Brigid Polk Strikes: Her Satanic Majesty in Person is staged at the Bouwerie Lane Theater.

Last week in January—Warhol and Morrissey shoot Lonesome Cowboys in Oracle, Arizona. The cast includes Joe Dallesandro, Viva, Taylor Mead, Louis Waldon, Tom Hompertz, and Eric Emerson.

January 30—The Velvet Underground's second album, White Light/White Heat, is released but is banned from the radio; sales are minimal.

February 5-8—The Factory moves from 231 East Forty-seventh Street to the fifth floor at 33 Union Square West.

February—Jed Johnson delivers a Western Union telegram to the Factory, is hired by Paul Morrissey to be an assistant at the Union Square Factory, and later becomes Warhol's boyfriend.

February—Warhol's first European retrospective, curated by Pontus Hulten, is staged at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm.

February—Allen Midgette's impersonation of Warhol as lecturer is publicized.

March—Gerard Malanga returns to New York.

April—Betsey Johnson and John Cale marry at City Hall.

May—Warhol and Morrissey film San Diego Surf in La Jolla, California; the cast includes Taylor Mead, Joe Dallesandro, Ingrid Superstar, Eric Emerson, and Tom Hompertz. (The film was never shown).

June 3—Valerie Solanas shoots Andy Warhol. (Mario Amaya is also wounded.) Warhol is declared offi- cially dead for one and a half minutes. Solanas turns herself in.

June—Viva, Taylor Mead, Ultra Violet, and others play parts in John Schlesinger's Midnight Cowboy.

June-July—Paul Morrissey films and directs Flesh, Joe Dallesandro's first starring vehicle, featuring Jackie Curtis, Candy Darling, and others.

July—Nico's first solo album, Chelsea Girl, is released.

July 28—Warhol returns home from Columbus Hospital.

August 1—The Loves of Ondine is released at the Garrick Theater; it is commercially unsuccessful.

September 4—Warhol makes his first public appearance after the shooting, with Viva and Paul Morrissey.

Early September—Lou Reed demands that John Cale leave the Velvet Underground, and he does.

Fall—Entry to the Union Square Factory becomes more restricted.

Fall—Billy Name retreats to the converted bathroom in the back of the Factory, admitting only Ondine and Lou Reed; he remains there until spring 1970.

December 13—Random House publishes a: a novel, and most critics respond with ridicule; the book is not a commercial success.

1968

The Filmmakers' Cinematheque, designed by George Maciunas, opens at 80 Wooster Street.

Motorcycle films, such as The Savage Seven and The Mini-Skirt Mob, become popular.

Published:
Soul on Fire by Eldridge Cleaver
Language and Mind by Noam Chomsky
Armies of the Night by Norman Mailer
The Double Helix by James D.Watson
Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test by Tom Wolfe
Slouching Toward Bethlehem by Joan Didion.

Philip Berrigan is sentenced to six years in prison for pouring duck blood on draft files.

January 5—Dr. Benjamin Spock and others are indicted for conspiracy to encourage violation of the draft laws.

Choreographer Merce Cunningham uses Warhol's Silver Clouds as the floating décor for RainForest.

February—Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin found the Youth International Party (aka the Yippies).

March—The Peace and Freedom Party holds its founding convention in California.

April 3—2001, A Space Odyssey opens, featuring Hal, the first movie computer character.

April 4—Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated by James Earl Ray, followed by riots in black ghettos throughout the country.

Spring—Feminist Ti-Grace Atkinson begins writing her book, Women and Oppression.

Spring—The Boys in the Band opens Off-Broadway, portraying gay characters.

April—Students at Columbia University occupy buildings and stage a student strike.

April 29—Hair opens on Broadway (after an initial opening at the Public Theater), featuring Broadway's first frontal nudity.

May—Dr. Ralph Abernathy leads a march of ,, culminating the Poor People's Campaign in Washington, D.C., erecting Resurrection City around the Lincoln Memorial.

May—Revolts begun by students in France spread to Germany and Italy.

June 6—Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated in Los Angeles.

July—Pope Paul IV bans artificial birth control methods.

August—The Democratic convention meets in Chicago, is met by demonstrations and violence, nominates Hubert Humphrey for President.

September—Feminists stage a protest at the Miss America contest.

October—African American athletes protest at the Olympic Games in Mexico.

November—Two related exhibitions open: The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age at the Museum of Modern Art, and an E.A.T.- organized exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum.

November 5—Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew are narrowly elected to office, beating Hubert Humphrey and Edmund Muskie.

United States troops in Vietnam reach 500,000.

Independent films:
The Bed by James Broughton
The Secret Life of Hernando Cortez by John Chamberlain (featuring Taylor Mead, Ultra Violet)
Bouncing Two Balls Between the Floor and Ceiling with Changing Rhythms by Bruce Nauman
The Horseman, the Woman, and the Moth by Stan Brakhage

1969

Betsey Johnson leaves New York for California, stays nine months, and feels she has returned to a changed city.

Ondine settles down with a steady boyfriend, Roger Jaccoby, stops amphetamine use, and works as a mailman in Brooklyn.

January 10—Judge Schweitzer gives Valerie Solanas a three-year sentence for shooting Warhol.

February—Tavel's The Boy on the Straight Back Chair opens at St. Clement's Episcopal Church and is widely acclaimed.

May 5—Lonesome Cowboys opens in New York at the Fifty-fifth Street Playhouse and the Garrick Theater in the Village.

July 21—Blue Movie premieres at the Garrick Theater; ten days later it is seized by the police for obscenity.

July 21—Jackie Curtis and Eric Emerson stage a wedding, but Emerson does not show up. Holly Woodlawn meets John Vaccaro, leading to casting in Heaven Grand in Amber Orbit and ultimately in Trash.

September—Heaven Grand in Amber Orbit opens on Forty-third Street in a small funeral-hometurned- theater.

October—Paul Morrissey begins shooting Trash; production continues on weekends until mid-December.

October—Nico records The Marble Index with the collaboration of John Cale.

Fall—At the suggestion of John Wilcock, Warhol starts an underground movie magazine called Inter/VIEW. Initially Gerard Malanga and Paul Morrissey appeared on the masthead.

1969

The radical activist Art Workers' Coalition is founded in New York.

Midnight Cowboy is released and wins the Academy Award for best picture of the year.

Films depicting varieties of youth revolt become popular, including Alice's Restaurant, Easy Rider, Putney Swope, Medium Cool, and motorcycle movies Hell's Belles and Hell's Angels.

More than half of campus colleges stage anti-war protests.

SDS supports women's liberation, and the movement gains prominence.

January—The Dwan Gallery features Conceptual Art.

January—Harlem on My Mind opens at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, arousing controversy and protest.

July 20—Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin are the first human beings to walk on the moon.

Museum exhibitions attempt to connect with the lifestyle of the moment, including "Feel It" (Museum of Contemporary Crafts, New York); "When Attitude Becomes Form" (Institute of Contemporary Art, London); "Human Concern, Personal Torment" (Whitney Museum); "Art by Telephone" (Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago).

Published:
Documents I by the Art Workers' Coalition
Trout Fishing in America by Richard Brautigan
Woodstock Nation by Abbie Hoffman
A Year from Monday by John Cage
An Essay in Liberation by Herbert Marcuse
The Godfather by Mario Puzo
Portnoy's Complaint by Philip Roth

August 9—Charles Manson and associates murder Sharon Tate and others in Los Angeles.

August 15-17—The Woodstock Rock Festival in Bethel, New York, attracts over 400,000 people.

September 24—The Chicago 8 conspiracy trial begins; defendants include Bobby Seale, Abbie Hoffman, and Jerry Rubin.

November—The largest anti-war demonstration in the nation's history is staged in Washington, attracting over half a million people.

December—The Selective Services System holds its first draft lottery since 1942.

Independent films:
Invocation of My Demon Brothers by Kenneth Anger
Me and My Brother by Robert Frank
Reverberation by Ernie Gehr
Tom, Tom, The Piper's Son by Ken Jacobs
Cosmos by Jordan Belson